Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation while also regulating metabolic processes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis. Dysfunctions in these organelles can lead to energy deficits, increased oxidative


