What is Fermi bubbles?

Fermi bubbles are large, lobular regions of gamma-ray emission located above and below the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Discovered by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope in 2010, these bubbles extend about 25,000 light-years in height and are thought to be a result of interactions between cosmic rays, gas, and magnetic fields in the galaxy. The origin of the Fermi bubbles is still a topic of research. One leading hypothesis suggests that they were formed by activity from the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, Sagittarius A*, which may have caused significant outflows of energy and material in the form of jets or winds in the past. Alternatively, they might also be related to the processes of star formation and supernova explosions in the galactic region. The bubbles are of interest to astronomers because studying them can provide insights into the dynamics of the galaxy, the behavior of cosmic rays, and the interplay between dark matter and ordinary matter in the universe.