In conclusion, the Mpumalanga provincial government and its stakeholders have made important contributions toward managing air pollution through policies, monitoring systems, and environmental programmes. However , weak enforcement continued coal dependen

In summary, the Mpumalanga provincial government, along with its partners, has taken significant steps to address air pollution through the implementation of policies, monitoring frameworks, and environmental initiatives. Nonetheless, challenges such as inadequate enforcement, reliance on coal, poverty, and industrial demands hinder further advancements. To achieve sustainable and long-lasting improvements, there is a pressing need for enhanced collaboration, stricter environmental regulations, investment in clean energy solutions, and active engagement from the community. These efforts are essential for the province to enhance air quality and make meaningful contributions to South Africa’s sustainability objectives by 2030.