In summary, the interplay of coal-based energy generation, mining, industrial activities, transportation emissions, agricultural burning, and household fuel consumption has led to significant air pollution in Mpumalanga Province. This situation renders th

The combination of coal-based energy production, mining operations, industrial activities, transportation emissions, agricultural burning, and the use of household fuels has resulted in severe air pollution in Mpumalanga Province. This predicament positions the province as one of the most environmentally vulnerable regions in South Africa, highlighting the urgent requirement for sustainable solutions and cleaner energy options.