Poor urban planning and poverty have also contributed negatively to air quality. Many low income households continue using coal, paraffin and wood for cooking and heating because cleaner energy alternatives remain expensive or inaccessible. In addition, i

Poor urban planning, combined with poverty, has adversely affected air quality. Many low-income families still rely on coal, paraffin, and wood for cooking and heating, as cleaner energy options are often too costly or hard to obtain. Moreover, the rising transportation of coal exacerbates road dust and vehicle emissions in towns throughout the province.