Tell me about stage 4 kidney disease

Stage 4 kidney disease, also known as stage 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD), is characterized by significantly reduced kidney function. The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products and excess fluids from the blood, and when they are functioning at only 15-29% of their normal capacity, it indicates that the disease has progressed to this advanced stage. ### Key Features of Stage 4 Kidney Disease: 1. **Symptoms**: Some common symptoms may include: - Fatigue or weakness - Swelling in the legs, ankles, or around the eyes (edema) - Changes in urination (frequency, color, or appearance) - Nausea or vomiting - Loss of appetite - Difficulty concentrating - Itching or dry skin 2. **Diagnosis**: Diagnosis typically involves: - Blood tests to measure creatinine levels and estimate the Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR), which is a key indicator of kidney function. - Urine tests to check for protein or blood. - Imaging tests may also be utilized to assess kidney structure and blood flow. 3. **Management**: Management of stage 4 CKD focuses on slowing the progression of the disease, managing symptoms, and planning for potential kidney replacement therapies (such as dialysis or transplantation). Key components of management may include: - **Dietary Changes**: Reducing protein, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus intake to lessen the burden on the kidneys. - **Blood Pressure Control**: Maintaining blood pressure within target levels, often through lifestyle changes and medications. - **Management of Comorbidities**: Effectively managing diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions that can exacerbate kidney disease. - **Medication**: Medications may be used to control anemia, bone disease, or electrolyte imbalances. 4. **Planning for Dialysis or Transplant**: At this stage, healthcare providers often discuss options for dialysis or kidney transplantation, as the risk of progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) increases. 5. **Monitoring**: Regular follow-up appointments and lab tests are essential for monitoring kidney function and adjusting treatment plans as necessary. If you or someone you know is facing stage 4 kidney disease, it's critical to work closely with a healthcare team, which may include nephrologists, dietitians, and other specialists, to manage the condition effectively.