Poor urban planning, combined with poverty, has adversely affected air quality. Many low-income families still rely on coal, paraffin, and wood for cooking and heating, as cleaner energy options are often too costly or hard to obtain. Moreover, the rising

Ineffective urban planning, along with economic hardships, has negatively impacted air quality. Numerous low-income households continue to depend on coal, paraffin, and wood for cooking and heating, primarily because more environmentally friendly energy alternatives are often unaffordable or difficult to access. Additionally, the increased transportation of coal contributes to greater road dust and higher vehicle emissions in communities across the province.