Philosophy and thinking of Julius Evola

Julius Evola (1898–1974) was an Italian philosopher, esotericist, and writer known for his influential yet controversial views that blend traditionalism, spirituality, and regionalist thought. His work spans various disciplines, including philosophy, religion, and aesthetics, and reflects a deep critique of modernity. ### Key Themes in Evola's Philosophy: 1. **Traditionalism**: Evola's philosophy is rooted in the idea of Traditionalism, which sees a decay of spiritual and moral values in the modern world. He distinguishes between "two types" of tradition: the transcendent, which is considered true and eternal, and the horizontal, which is more concerned with material existence. He advocates for a return to a traditional, hierarchical society shaped by spiritual principles. 2. **Critique of Modernity**: Evola is sharply critical of modernity, which he associates with materialism, egalitarianism, and a loss of spiritual values. He believes that modern society leads individuals away from their higher, spiritual essence and that it results in a weakening of cultural and social structures. 3. **Metaphysics and Spirituality**: Evola emphasizes the importance of metaphysical knowledge, which he believes connects individuals to a higher reality. He often draws upon various religious and spiritual traditions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and European metaphysics, to illustrate his points about the nature of existence and the cosmos. 4. **Active Nihilism**: Evola explores the concept of nihilism, asserting that while modernity has led to a crisis in meaning, individuals can engage with this nihilism actively by seeking to transcend it. He encourages the pursuit of personal spiritual evolution, emphasizing ascetic practices and self-overcoming. 5. **Role of the Warrior**: Evola often discusses the archetype of the warrior, which embodies courage, honor, and a connection to transcendent principles. He sees the warrior spirit as essential to overcoming the challenges of modernity and embodying traditional values. 6. **Feminine and Masculine Principles**: Evola often discusses traditional gender roles, emphasizing the complementary nature of masculine and feminine principles. He believes that the disruption of these roles is part of the larger crisis of modernity. 7. **Politics and Nation**: Evola had political inclinations that have attracted both interest and controversy. He is often associated with far-right movements and fascism, though his views are complex and cannot be oversimplified. He promoted a vision of a hierarchical, aristocratic society rooted in spiritual and traditional values. 8. **Esotericism and Occultism**: Evola's philosophical explorations often incorporate esoteric and occult elements, emphasizing hidden knowledge and spiritual practices as pathways to understanding the deeper truths of existence. ### Conclusion Julius Evola's thought presents a challenge to contemporary perspectives, inviting readers to reconsider the implications of modernity, spirituality, and societal structures. While his views have garnered a dedicated following, they have also been the subject of significant critique and controversy, particularly regarding his political affiliations and interpretations of tradition. His legacy continues to provoke discussion within philosophical, political, and spiritual contexts.