2.1 Read the extract below and answer the questions that follows: The conservation of wildlife in parks and nature reserves in Southern Africa is associated with the events of colonization. Southern Africa consists of thirteen states located in the south

### 2.1.1 Disadvantages of Wildlife Conservation in National Parks for Local Communities

**Displacement and Loss of Land**: The establishment of national parks often results in the displacement of local communities, who may lose their ancestral land and traditional rights to access natural resources, leading to a loss of livelihoods.

**Restricted Access to Resources**: Wildlife conservation can lead to restricted access to natural resources such as water, firewood, and game animals, which local communities depend on for their sustenance, cultural practices, and economic activities.

**Human-Wildlife Conflicts**: As wildlife is protected in national parks, there may be increased encounters and conflicts between animals and local communities, including crop damage, livestock predation, and even threats to human safety.

**Economic Disparities**: While national parks may generate significant revenue through tourism, local communities often do not receive a fair share of the economic benefits. This creates disparities and can lead to resentment among community members.

**Cultural Erosion**: Conservation efforts may prioritize the interests of tourists or external organizations over local cultural practices and knowledge. This can erode local customs and traditions related to land management and wildlife use.

### 2.1.2 Advantages of Wildlife Conservation in National Parks for Local Communities

**Employment Opportunities**: The establishment of national parks can create jobs for local communities in areas such as tourism, park management, and conservation work, providing a source of income and livelihood.

**Ecotourism Benefits**: National parks can attract tourists, which can boost the local economy. Local communities can benefit from the business opportunities that arise from ecotourism, including selling crafts, guiding tours, and providing accommodation services.

**Enhanced Infrastructure**: Wildlife conservation initiatives often lead to improvements in infrastructure, such as roads, communication networks, and healthcare facilities, benefiting local communities.

**Conservation Education**: Initiatives in wildlife conservation can promote environmental awareness and education among local communities, fostering a sense of stewardship for their natural heritage and promoting sustainable practices.

**Community Development Programs**: Many conservation organizations implement community development programs that provide support in sectors such as education, health, and agriculture, improving overall quality of life for local residents.

In summary, while there are several disadvantages associated with wildlife conservation in national parks concerning local communities, there are also significant potential advantages that can enhance the social and economic conditions of those communities. Balancing these aspects is essential for effective conservation strategies.