1. Hiarachy of courts in Ghana, Jurisdiction of some courts. 2. Sources of law e.g Customary law 3. Appeals structures, criminal matter, civil matter. 4. Human rights; personal matter, civil matter 5. Duties of an agent, agency relationship created by

Certainly! Here's an overview of each of the topics you've requested regarding law in Ghana. ### 1. Hierarchy of Courts in Ghana & Jurisdiction of Some Courts **Hierarchy of Courts:** - **Supreme Court:** The highest court of the land, with original and appellate jurisdiction over constitutional and legal matters. - **Court of Appeal:** Primarily deals with appeals from the High Court and certain specialized courts. - **High Court:** Handles serious criminal and civil cases, including constitutional issues. - **Circuit Courts:** Deal with less serious criminal matters, civil cases, and appeals from lower courts. - **District Courts:** Handle minor civil and criminal matters. **Jurisdiction:** - **Supreme Court:** Constitutional and appellate jurisdiction. - **High Court:** Civil, criminal, and constitutional matters. - **Circuit and District Courts:** Limited jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases determined by the specific court's mandate. ### 2. Sources of Law in Ghana - **Constitution:** The supreme law of Ghana. - **Legislation:** Statutes enacted by Parliament. - **Customary Law:** Traditional laws based on customs and practices of various communities, recognized unless they conflict with statutory law. - **Case Law:** Judicial decisions that establish legal precedents. - **International Treaties and Conventions:** Ratified by Ghana and form part of domestic law. ### 3. Appeals Structures **Criminal Matters:** - Appeals from the District Court to the Circuit Court. - Appeals from the Circuit Court to the High Court. - Further appeals to the Court of Appeal and potentially to the Supreme Court. **Civil Matters:** - Similar structure as criminal appeals; appeals might start from the District/Circuit Courts to the High Court, then to the Court of Appeal, and finally to the Supreme Court if necessary. ### 4. Human Rights **Personal Rights:** - Rights related to individuals including personal freedoms (e.g., freedom of speech, religion). **Civil Rights:** - Rights associated with the civil liberties of individuals in civil matters like property rights, legal equality, and due process. ### 5. Duties of an Agent & Agency Relationship **Duties of an Agent:** - Act in the best interest of the principal. - Follow lawful instructions. - Disclose material facts related to the agency. **Agency Relationship Created by Law:** - Implied Agency: Through conduct. - Agency by Necessity: In emergencies. - Agency by Estoppel: When a party leads others to believe someone is an agent. **Termination of Agency Relationship:** - Completion of the task. - Expiration of time. - Mutual agreement. - Revocation by the principal. ### 6. Contract Law: Essentials of a Contract 1. **Offer:** A clear proposal from one party. 2. **Acceptance:** Unconditional agreement to the offer. 3. **Consideration:** Something of value exchanged. 4. **Capacity:** Parties must have the legal ability to contract. 5. **Legality:** The purpose of the contract must be lawful. ### 7. Difference Between Employees' Contracts and Independent Contractors - **Employees:** - Have a contract with set hours, benefits, and liabilities. - Subject to the employer's control and directives. - **Independent Contractors:** - Self-employed, more control over how work is done. - Generally responsible for their own taxes and benefits. ### 8. Types of Companies & Duties **Types of Companies:** - **Private Limited Company (Ltd)** - **Public Limited Company (PLC)** - **Company Limited by Guarantee** - **Unlimited Company** **Duties of Promoters:** - Ensure compliance with legal requirements for company formation. - Disclose any personal interests in deals related to the company. **Duties of Directors:** - Act in good faith and in the best interest of the company. - Avoid conflicts of interest. - Ensure the company complies with relevant laws. **Business in Annual General Meeting (AGM):** - Approval of financial statements. - Election of directors. - Appointment of auditors. - Discussion of dividends. This overview should provide you with a foundational understanding of each topic concerning law in Ghana. If you need more detailed information on any specific area, feel free to ask!